Home » Swar sandhi, Ach sandhi- Sanskrit vyakarana- स्वर सन्धि, अच् सन्धि- संस्कृत व्याकरण

Swar sandhi, Ach sandhi- Sanskrit vyakarana- स्वर सन्धि, अच् सन्धि- संस्कृत व्याकरण

Hello, welcome to Sanskrit Gurukul. In this tutorial, you will learn about swar sandhi in Sanskrit, which is an extension of the series, Sanskrit -102, about sandhi in Sanskrit. Today, I will talk about swar sandhi and their types in detail with some examples. Let’s get started.

Swar Sandhi in sanskrit (स्वर सन्धि)

Swar sandhi in Sanskrit

In simple words, when two vowels (swar) are combined, the distortion is known as swar sandhi. It is also known as Ach sandhi.
दो स्वरो के मेल से जो विकार होता है उसे स्वर सन्धि कहते हैं। स्वर सन्धि को “अच् सन्धि” भी कहते हैं।

For example,

Rulesexamples
अ + अ = आ सुर (sura) + अरि (ari) = सुरारिः (surarih)
अ + आ = आहिम (him) + आलय (alaya) = हिमालय (Himalaya)
आ + अ=आ दया (daya) + अर्णवः (arnavah) = दयार्णवः (dayarnavah)
आ + आ=आ विद्या (vidya)+ आलय (alaya) = विद्यालय (vidyalaya)
इ + इ=ईगिरि (giri)+ इन्द्रः (indrah) = गिरीन्द्रः (girindrah)
इ + ई=ईक्षिति (kshiti) + ईशः (ishah) = क्षितीशः (kshitishah)
ई + इ=ईसुधी (sudhi) + इन्द्रः (indrah) = सुधीन्द्रः (sudhindrah)
ई + ई=ईश्री (shri) + ईशः (ishah) = श्रीशः (shrishah)
Examples of swar sandhi.

Type of Swar Sandhi in Sanskrit (स्वर सन्धि के भेद)

Swar sandhi is further sub-divided into 8 parts as follow:

  1. दीर्घ सन्धि
  2. गुण सन्धि
  3. वृद्धि सन्धि
  4. यण् सन्धि
  5. अयादि सन्धि
  6. पुर्वरुप सन्धि
  7. पररुप सन्धि
  8. प्रकृति भाव सन्धि

As a refresher, swar or vowels are the alphabets which are pronounced without any effort or are independent sounds. They are

अ, उ, इ, ऋ, लृ,

आ, ई, ऊ, ॠ,

ए, ऐ, ओ, औ.

The first group from अ till लृ are known as short vowels (हस्व स्वर), the second group from आ till ॠ are known as long vowels (दीर्घ स्वर), and lastly, the third group from ए till औ are known as mixed vowels (मिश्रित स्वर).

Deergha sandhi-दीर्घ सन्धि

अकः सवर्णे दीर्घ

So the rule says that, when the short/long vowel is joined with the same short/long vowel, the combined letter will be a long vowel.

Confused?

It means if the last letter is having any short vowels which are अ, इ, उ, लृ, and ऋ joined with a similar short vowel or a long vowel, it will change to the same long vowel. With this rule, you may have five different combinations as follow:

अ/आ + अ/आ = आ

नील (nila) + अम्बर (ambara) = नीलाम्बर (nilambara)
परम (parama) + आत्मा (atma) = परमात्मा (paramatma)
विद्या (vidya) + अर्थी (arthi) = विद्यार्थी (vidyarthi)
महा (maha) + आत्मा (atma) = महात्मा (mahatma), etc.


In the first example, नील + अम्बर = नीलाम्बर, नील can be written as (न् + इ + ल् + अ), and अम्बर can be written as (अ + म् + ब + अ +र् +अ). अ from नील, and आ from अम्बर, joined together to form आ.

इ/ई + इ/ई = ई

मुनि (muni) + इन्द्र (indra) = मुनीन्द्र (munindra)
हरि (hari) + ईश (isha) = हरीश (harisha)
मही (mahi) + इन्द्रः (indrah) = महीन्द्र (mahindra)
मही (mahi) + ईश्वरः (ishvarah) = महीश्वरः (mahishvarah)

उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ

भानु (bhanu) + उदयः (udayah) = भानूदयः (bhanudayah)
लघु (laghu) + ऊर्मिः (urmih) = लघूर्मि (laghurmi)
वधू (vadhu) + उत्सवः (utsavah) = वधूसत्वः (vadhusatvah)

ऋ/ॠ + ऋ/ॠ = ॠ

पितृ (pitri) + ऋणम् (rinam) = पितृणम् (pitrinam)
मातृ (matri) + ऋणम् (rinam) = मातृणम् (matrinam)

लृ + लृ = लृ

Sorry, I am not able to find any example from this group.

Guna sandhi गुण सन्धि

“आद्गुणः”

Let see, what is गुण सन्धि? The rule says the combination of अ /आ with other vowels except अ /आ will go according to the rules below:

First word ending withNext word ending withResult
2.1अ/आ+इ/ई=
2.2अ/आ+उ/ऊ=
2.3अ/आ+ऋ/ॠ=अर्
2.4अ/आ+लृ=अल्
Rules for गुण सन्धि (Guna sandhi)

For example,

देव (deva)  इन्द्रः (indrah)  देवेन्द्रः (devendrah)

Here I want to combine the अ from देव (द्+ ए+ व्+ अ), with इ from इन्द्रः(इ+न्+ द्+ र्+ अ+ ः). According to rule 2.1 above,

                   अ+ इ = ए

Let see example from each group to have a better understanding

अ/आ + इ/ई = ए

देव (deva) + इन्द्रः (indrah) = देवेन्द्रः (devendrah)
गण (gana) + ईशः (ishah) = गणेशः (ganeshah)
महा (maha) + ईशः (ishah) = महेशः (maheshah)
रमा (rama)+ इन्द्रः (indrah) = रमेन्द्रः (ramendrah)

अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ

सूर्य (surya)+ उदयः (udayah)= सूर्योदयः (suryodayah)
जल (jala)+ ऊर्मिः (urmih)= जलोर्मिः (jalormih)
महा (maha)+ उत्सवः (utsavah)= महोत्सवः (mahotsavah)
गङ्गा (ganga) ऊर्मिः (urmih) गङ्गोर्मि (gangormi 

अ/आ + ऋ/ॠ = अर्

सप्त (sapta) + ऋषयः(rishayah) = सप्तर्षयः (saptarshayah)
देव(deva) + ऋषिः(rishih) = देवर्षिः(devarshih)
महा(maha) + ऋषिः(rishih) = महर्षिः (maharshih)
राजा(raja) + ऋषिः(rishih) = राजर्षिः (rajarshih)

अ/आ + लृ = अल्

तव (tava) + लृकारः (lrikarah) = तवल्कारः (tavalkarah)
माला (mala) + लृकारः (lrikarah) = मालाल्कारः (malalkarah)

Vrudhdhi sandhi- वृद्धि सन्धिः

“वृद्धिरेचि”

If the vowel अ /आ is combined with ए/ ऐ, then it changes to ऐ; and if combines with ओ/ औ, changes to औ, and this rule is called वृद्धि सन्धिः(enhancement) because of increase in strength of the same vowel.

First word ending withNext word ending with
3.1अ/आ +ए/ऐ=
3.2अ/आ+ओ/औ=
Rules for वृद्धि सन्धिः (vrudhdhi sandhi)

Here are some examples of each of them:

अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ

एक (eka)+ एकम् (ekam) = एकैकम् (ekaikam)
राज (raja)+ ऐश्र्वर्यम् (aishrvaryam)= राजैश्र्वर्यम् (rajaishrvaryam)
तदा (tada)+ एव (eva)= तदैव (tadaiva)
महा (maha)+ ऐरावतः (airavatah)= महैरावतः (mahairavatah)

अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ

दिव्य (divya)+ ओषधिः (oshadhih)= दिव्यौषधिः (divyaushadhih)
काव्य (kavya)+ ओचित्यम् (ochityam) = काव्यौचित्यम् (kavyauchityam)
महा(maha) + ओषधि (oshadhi) = महौषधिः (mahaushadhih)
महा (maha) + औत्सुक्यम् (autsukyam) = महौत्सुक्यम् (mahautsukyam)

We have covered all the vowels combination with अ and आ, lets start with the other vowel combinations.

Yana sandhi- यण् सन्धि

“इको यणचि”

First word endingNext word ending
4.1इ/ईfollowed byany vowel other than इ/ई=इ/ई changes to य्
4.2उ/ऊfollowed byany vowel other than उ/ऊ=उ/ऊ changes to व्
4.3ऋ/ॠfollowed byany vowel other than ऋ/ॠ=ऋ/ॠ changes to र्
4.4लृ followed byany vowel other than लृ =लृ changes to ल् 
Rules of यण् सन्धि (yana sandhi)

Here are some examples with explanation:

इ/ई + any vowel other than इ/ई= य्

प्रति (prati) + अहम् (aham) =  प्रत्यहम् (pratyaham)
(प्रत् +य्+अहम्)

देवी(devi)+अर्चा(archa)=देव्यर्चा(devyarcha)
(देव् + य् + अर्चा)

प्रति(prati)+उपकारः(upakarah)=प्रत्युपकार(pratyupakara)
(प्रत् + य् + उपकारः)

नि(ni)+ऊनः(unah)=न्यूनः(nyunah)
(न् + य् + ऊन)

प्रति(prati)+एकम्(ekam)=प्रत्येकम्(pratyekam)
(प्रत् + य् + एकम्)

अति (ati)+औदार्यम्(audaryam)=अत्यौदार्यम्(atyaudaryam)
(अत् + य् + औदार्यम्), etc.

उ/ऊ +any vowel other than उ/ऊ = व्

अनु (anu) + अयः (ayah) = अन्वयः (anvayah)
(अन् + व् + अयः)

सु (su) + आगतम् (agatam) = स्वागतम्(svagatam)
(स् + व् + आगतम्)

मधु(madhu) + अरि (ari) = मध्वारि (madhvari)
(मध् + व् + अरि)

गुरू(guru) + आज्ञा (ajna) = गुर्वाज्ञा (gurvajna)
(गुर् + व् + आज्ञा)

ऋ/ॠ + any vowel other than ऋ/ॠ= र्

पितृ (pitri) + अंश (ansha) = पित्रांश (pitransha)
(पित् + र् + अंश)

पितृ (pitri) + इच्छा (ichchha) = पित्रिच्छा (pitrichchha)
(पित् + र् + इच्छा)

लृ + any vowel other than लृ = ल् 

लृ (lri) + आकृति (akriti) = लाकृति (lakriti)
(ल् + आकृति)

Ayadi sandhi-अयादि सन्धि

“एचोअयवायावः”

If the mixed vowels (ए, ऐ, ओ, औ) are combines with any other vowels, then following rules to follow for sandhi.

First word ending with Next word beginning with
5.1+any vowel/swar=ए changes to अय्
5.2+any vowel/swar=ऐ changes to आय्
5.3+any vowel/swar=ओ changes to अव्
5.4+any vowel/swar=औ changes to आव्
Rules for अयादि सन्धि (ayadi sandhi)

let’s start with examples from each type:

ए + any vowel/swar = अय्

ने (ne) + अनम् (anam) = नयनम् (nayanam)
(न् + अय् + अनम्)
शे (she) + अनम् (anam) = शयनम् (shayanam)
(श् + अय् + अनम्)
हरे (hare) + ए (e) = हरये (haraye)
(हर् + अय् + ए)

ऐ+ any vowel/swar = आय्

नै (nai) + अकः (akah) = नायकः (nayakah)
(न् + आय् + अकः)
चै (chai) + अकः (akah) =  चायकः (chayakah)
(च् + आय् + अकः)
नै (nai) + इका (ika) =  नयिका (nayika)
(न् + आय् + इका)

ओ + any vowel/swar = अव्

पो (po) + अनः (anah) = पवनः (pavanah)
(प् + अव् + अनः)
भो (bho) + अनम् (anam) =  भवनम् (bhavanam)
(भ् + अव् + अनम्)
पो (po) + इत्रम् (itram) =  पवित्रम् (pavitram)
(प् + अव् + इत्रम्)

औ + any vowel/swar = आव्

भौ (bhau) + अकः (akah) =भावकः (bhavakah)
(भ् + आव् + अकः)
भौ (bhau) + उकः (ukah) =  भावुकः (bhavukah)
(भ् + आव् + उकः)
नौ (nau) + इकः (ikah) = नाविकः (navikah)
(न् + आव् + इकः)

Poorvaroopa sandhi-पूर्वरूप सन्धि

“एडः पदान्तादति”

This is also an exception to the अयादि सन्धि. The rule says, at the end of a sentence, if ए or ओ is combined with अ, then the अ is removed as a special sign (ऽ) also known as avagraha (अवग्रह) is placed.

ऽ = अ

पूर्वरूप सन्धि Sanskrit example

ग्रामे (grame) + अस्मिन् (asmin) = ग्रामेऽस्मिन् (grame’smin)
(ग्रामे + ऽ + अस्मिन्)
ये (ye) + अपि (api) = येऽपि (ye’pi)
(ये + ऽ + अपि)
हरे (are)+ अवि (avi) = हरेऽवि (hare’vi)
(हरे + ऽ + अवि)
Notes_This happens when the first word is from सप्तमी विभक्ती (locative case) या सम्बोधन (vocative case).

Pararoopa sandhi-पररूप सन्धि

“एडि पररूपम्”

The rule says, if after prefixes ending with A (अकारान्त उपसर्ग) combines with vowel ए, ओ; then we have to follow the following rules:

अ + ए = ए

प्र (pra) +एजते (ejate) = प्रेजते (prejate)
(प्र् + एजते)
प्र (pra) + एषयति (eshayati) = प्रेषयति (preshayati)
(प्र् + एषयति)

अ + ओ = ओ

उप (upa) + ओषति (oshati) = उपो षति (upo shati)
(उप् +ओषति) 

Prakriti bhava sandhi-प्रकृति भाव सन्धि

“ईदूद्विवचनम् प्रग्रह्मम्”

The rule says, after the dual form (द्विवचन) of a word ending with ई, उ, and ए, (ईकारान्त, उकारान्त, एकारान्त), if any vowel comes than it remains the same. No change will happen.

साधू (sadhu) +  इमौ (imau) = साधू इमौ (sadhu imau)

Here साधू is a dual form of साधुः and having sandhi with इ so according to the प्रकृति भाव सन्धि sandhi nothing will happen and they remains the same. This rule is an exception to यण् सन्धि.

लते (late) +  एते (ete) = लते एते (late ete) (exception to अयादि सन्धि)
गङ्गे (gange) +  अमू (amu) = गङ्गे अमू (gange amu)

Frequently asked Questions

  • What is Sandhi?
    Sandhi in Sanskrit is combination of two letter which leads to change in the new formed letter. (It can be replacement of letter, addition of letter, or deletion of letter). In Sandhi last letter of the first word and the first letter of the next/ second word is joined depending on the letters and various simple rules governing each type.
  • How many types of sandhi are there in Sanskrit?
    In Sanskrit, depending on the combination, sandhi can be divided into Swar sandhi (Vowel Sandhi,) Vyanjana sandhi (consonant sandhi) and visarga sandhi.
  • What is swar sandhi?
    In sandhi if combination of letters is between only vowels or swar, it is known as Swar sandhi.
  • How many type of Swar sandhi in Sanskrit?
    Swar sandhi is divided into eight different types. दीर्घ (deergha), गुण (guna), यण (yana), अयादि (ayadi), वृद्धि (vrudhdhi), पररूप (pararpppa), पूर्वरूप (poorvaroopa), प्रकृति भाव (prakruti bhaava)

With this we have finished all the swar sandhi along with examples. In the next tutorial, I will start with vyanjan sandhi of the Sanskrit-102 series about sandhi in Sanskrit.

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Om Tat Sat.

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